Exploring leadership through emerging discoveries in systems theory, chaos theory, and quantum mechanics, Margaret Wheatley (2006) argues that traditional leadership models are ineffective in complex and dynamic social systems of the 21st century. To Wheatley, the clockwork universe presented by Newtonian physics is an adequate model in a static world that thrives on predictability. The hierarchical structures of modern organizations and contemporary models of leadership tend to reflect a mechanical Newtonian perspective.