References

American Psychological Association. (2017). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. https://www.apa.org/ethics/code

Axelrod, R. (1984). The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books.

Blum, B. (2018). The lifespan of a lie: The Stanford Prison Experiment. Medium. https://medium.com/s/trustissues/the-lifespan-of-a-lie

Gleick, J. (1987). Chaos: Making a new science. Viking.

Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S. D., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2019). Rethinking the nature of cruelty: The role of identity and leadership in the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychologist, 74(7), 809-822. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000402

Holland, J. H. (1995). Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity. Addison-Wesley.

Le Texier, T. (2019). Debunking the Stanford Prison Experiment. American Psychologist, 74(7), 823-839. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000401

Lykken, D. T. (2000). The causes and consequences of crime. Springer. https://www.springer.com/book/9780306467691

Maslach, C., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Reflections on the Stanford Prison Experiment. Contemporary Psychology, 45(3), 321-323.

Meaney, M. J. (2010). Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene × environment interactions. Child Development, 81(1), 41-79. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01381.x

Perry, G. (2018). Behind the shock machine: The untold story of the notorious Milgram psychology experiments. New Press. https://thenewpress.com/books/behind-shock-machine

Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C., Knopik, V. S., & Neiderhiser, J. M. (2016). Behavioral genetics (6th ed.). Worth Publishers. https://www.macmillanlearning.com/college/us/product/Behavioral-Genetics/p/1464176051

Reicher, S., & Haslam, S. A. (2006). Rethinking the psychology of tyranny: The BBC Prison Study. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(1), 1-40. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466605X48998

Sinha, P. (2004). Genes and environment in human behavior. Scientific American, 290(3), 34-41.

Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In W. G. Austin & S. Worchel (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33-47). Brooks/Cole.

Zimbardo, P. G. (1971). The power and pathology of imprisonment. Congressional Record (Serial No. 15, 1971-10-25).

Zimbardo, P. G. (2007). The Lucifer Effect: Understanding how good people turn evil. Random House.

Related Links

BBC Prison Study: http://www.bbcprisonstudy.org/ 

Stanford Prison Experiment Official Site: http://www.prisonexp.org/ 

Simply Psychology: Stanford Prison Experiment: https://www.simplypsychology.org/zimbardo.html 

Simply Psychology: Milgram Shock Experiment: https://www.simplypsychology.org/milgram.html

###

badphd (C) 2025 Brent Duncan, PhD. All rights reserved.