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Ecology: Earth as a living system
Let’s zoom out to the planet. Capra loved James Lovelock’s (2016) Gaia Theory, which says Earth acts like one giant living system. Its atmosphere, oceans, and creatures all interact to keep things balanced—like a global thermostat.
The Earth “self-makes” too, recycling materials and energy (think carbon cycles) while staying stable enough for life to thrive (Capra, 1996). It’s open to the universe—taking in sunlight, releasing heat—but organized in its own closed loop.