![Obedience in the Age of Automation: Authority isn’t always a person—it’s often a system. When compliance becomes routine, conscience must become intentional [Image: Copilot]](/images/Images/milgram2600.png "Obedience in the Age of Automation: Authority isn’t always a person—it’s often a system. When compliance becomes routine, conscience must become intentional [Image: Copilot]")
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Key findings
Milgram’s results shocked the field: 65% of participants administered the maximum 450-volt shock, even as the learner begged or appeared unconscious (Milgram, 1963). Contrary to predictions that only sadistic individuals would comply, most obeyed, highlighting authority’s influence. Sheridan and King’s (1972) replication, using real shocks on a puppy, found 100% of female participants complied despite distress. Burger’s (2009) partial replication, using a 150-volt maximum under ethical guidelines, found 70% compliance, confirming that obedience to authority persists (Burger, 2009).